Collection of 16 Supercomputer Modules & Components including: Cray-1: Logic module; memory module; rackmount hardware. Cray X-MP: memory module; logic module. Cray-2: Logic module; memory module; capacitor bay - with lucite stand; power module - with lucite stand. Cray Y-MP: Processor module. Cray-3: 6 modules, each in plastic case. In 1976 Seymour Cray gave a rare speech at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in Boulder, Colorado. When he offered to answer questions afterwards, the programmers in the audience fell silent. The head of the NCAR computing division asked the programmers why they didn't raise a hand and one programmer replied: "How do you talk to God?" (Murray pp 3-4). Cray joined Engineering Research Associates (ERA) in 1951 after graduating from the University of Minnesota with a B.Sc. in Electrical Engineering and a M.Sc. in applied mathematics. He quickly became respected among the engineers and was assigned the difficult task of designing a control system for what would be the EA 1103, which went on to become the first commercially successful scientific computer. Cray eventually became dissatisfied with ERA after they had been bought first by Remington Rand and then by the Sperry Corporation. He, along with William Norris, one of the ERA's founders, left to form Control Data Corporation (CDC). There he was responsible for the design of the CDC 1604, initial work on the 3000 series, the CDC 6600 - generally considered to be the first successful supercomputer - and the CDC 7600. In 1972 Cray left CDC to form Cray Research with a sizeable investment from CDC. At Cray Research he designed a supercomputer 5 times faster than the CDC 7600. The Cray 1 was the first supercomputer to successfully implement the vector processor design and was one of the most successful supercomputers in history, selling over 100 units at a cost of almost $8 million. It wasn't only Seymour Cray who was designing Cray Research's supercomputers. Taiwanese computer engineer Steve Chen later joined the company and worked as principal designer of the X-MP and Y-MP multi-processor supercomputers - 2 successful systems that maintained the success of the Cray-1, although were designs derived from the Cray-1, whereas Cray preferred to begin his designs "from clean sheet of paper." Seymour Cray's follow-up, the Cray-2, which used a unique Fluorinert cooling system that immersed the modules in the liquid, was not as successful as the Cray-1 nor the X-MP, selling only 27 units at a range of $12 to $17 million each. Even before the Cray-2 was complete, Seymour Cray had already moved on to designing the Cray-3. It would again use Flourinert to cool the modules, but also use gallium arsenide semiconductors, a material that had not previously been used in this context and which allowed for greatly increased speed. Cray even had to invest in a semiconductor startup, GigaBit Logic, as there were no current suppliers. Cray further developed the novel 3D integrated circuit packaging he had used for the Cray-2 to greatly decrease the pathways. Each module, measuring 121 x 107 x 7 mm, was composed of 9 printed circuit boards containing 69 electrical layers. Unfortunately, Cray never sold a single unit, although one was loaned to NCAR. Cary went on to design further systems before he died in a 1996 automobile accident, although none of them were brought to market. Murray. The Supermen. NY: [1997].
Collection of 16 Supercomputer Modules & Components including: Cray-1: Logic module; memory module; rackmount hardware. Cray X-MP: memory module; logic module. Cray-2: Logic module; memory module; capacitor bay - with lucite stand; power module - with lucite stand. Cray Y-MP: Processor module. Cray-3: 6 modules, each in plastic case. In 1976 Seymour Cray gave a rare speech at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in Boulder, Colorado. When he offered to answer questions afterwards, the programmers in the audience fell silent. The head of the NCAR computing division asked the programmers why they didn't raise a hand and one programmer replied: "How do you talk to God?" (Murray pp 3-4). Cray joined Engineering Research Associates (ERA) in 1951 after graduating from the University of Minnesota with a B.Sc. in Electrical Engineering and a M.Sc. in applied mathematics. He quickly became respected among the engineers and was assigned the difficult task of designing a control system for what would be the EA 1103, which went on to become the first commercially successful scientific computer. Cray eventually became dissatisfied with ERA after they had been bought first by Remington Rand and then by the Sperry Corporation. He, along with William Norris, one of the ERA's founders, left to form Control Data Corporation (CDC). There he was responsible for the design of the CDC 1604, initial work on the 3000 series, the CDC 6600 - generally considered to be the first successful supercomputer - and the CDC 7600. In 1972 Cray left CDC to form Cray Research with a sizeable investment from CDC. At Cray Research he designed a supercomputer 5 times faster than the CDC 7600. The Cray 1 was the first supercomputer to successfully implement the vector processor design and was one of the most successful supercomputers in history, selling over 100 units at a cost of almost $8 million. It wasn't only Seymour Cray who was designing Cray Research's supercomputers. Taiwanese computer engineer Steve Chen later joined the company and worked as principal designer of the X-MP and Y-MP multi-processor supercomputers - 2 successful systems that maintained the success of the Cray-1, although were designs derived from the Cray-1, whereas Cray preferred to begin his designs "from clean sheet of paper." Seymour Cray's follow-up, the Cray-2, which used a unique Fluorinert cooling system that immersed the modules in the liquid, was not as successful as the Cray-1 nor the X-MP, selling only 27 units at a range of $12 to $17 million each. Even before the Cray-2 was complete, Seymour Cray had already moved on to designing the Cray-3. It would again use Flourinert to cool the modules, but also use gallium arsenide semiconductors, a material that had not previously been used in this context and which allowed for greatly increased speed. Cray even had to invest in a semiconductor startup, GigaBit Logic, as there were no current suppliers. Cray further developed the novel 3D integrated circuit packaging he had used for the Cray-2 to greatly decrease the pathways. Each module, measuring 121 x 107 x 7 mm, was composed of 9 printed circuit boards containing 69 electrical layers. Unfortunately, Cray never sold a single unit, although one was loaned to NCAR. Cary went on to design further systems before he died in a 1996 automobile accident, although none of them were brought to market. Murray. The Supermen. NY: [1997].
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